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1 pamphlet form
Юридический термин: брошюрная форма (публикации закона) -
2 pamphlet form
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3 pamphlet form
амер. брошюрная форма ( публикации закона) -
4 form
1) форма | формировать; составлять2) установленный образец; проформа; бланк; формуляр; анкета3) учреждать, образовывать, основывать•- forms of evidencein due form — в надлежащей форме, надлежаще оформленный, оформленный должным образом
- form of government
- form of law
- form of the statute
- application form
- arrest form
- borough form of government
- bound form
- city form of government
- colonial form of government
- constitutional form
- corporate form
- county form of government
- district form of government
- dominion form of government
- due form of law
- federal form of government
- insurance form
- legal form
- national form of government
- pamphlet form
- police form
- pre-printed form
- proposal form
- regular form of marriage
- rural form of government
- set form
- slip form
- standard form
- state form of government
- subrogation form
- suburban form of government
- territorial form of government
- town form of government
- urban form of government -
5 pamphlet
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6 Gibbons, John
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]fl. 1800–50 Staffordshire, England[br]English ironmaster who introduced the round hearth in the blastfurnace.[br]Gibbons was an ironmaster in the Black Country, South Staffordshire, in charge of six blast furnaces owned by the family business. Until Gibbons's innovation in 1832, small changes in the form of the furnace had at times been made, but no one had seriously questioned the square shape of the hearth. Gibbons noticed that a new furnace often worked poorly by improved as time went on. When it was "blown out", i.e. taken out of commission, he found that the corners of the hearth had been rounded off and the sides gouged out, so that it was roughly circular in shape. Gibbons wisely decided to build a blast furnace with a round hearth alongside an existing one with a traditionally shaped hearth and work them in exactly the same conditions. The old furnace produced 75 tons of iron in a week, about normal for the time, while the new one produced 100 tons. Further improvements followed and in 1838 a fellow ironmaster in the same district, T. Oakes, considerably enlarged the furnace, its height attaining no less than 60ft (18m). As a result, output soared to over 200 tons a week. Most other ironmasters adopted the new form with enthusiasm and it proved to be the basis for the modern blast furnace. Gibbons made another interesting innovation: he began charging his furnace with the "rubbish", slag or cinder, from earlier ironmaking operations. It contained a significant amount of iron and was cheaper to obtain than iron ore, as it was just lying around in heaps. Some ironmasters scorned to use other people's throw-outs, but Gibbons sensibly saw it as a cheap source of iron; it was a useful source for some years during the nineteenth century but its use died out when the heaps were used up. Gibbons published an account of his improvements in ironmaking in a pamphlet entitled Practical Remarks on the Construction of the Staffordshire Blast Furnace.[br]Bibliography1839, Practical Remarks on the Construction of the Staffordshire Blast Furnace, Birmingham; reprinted 1844.Further ReadingJ.Percy, 1864, Metallurgy. Iron and Steel, London, p. 476. W.K.V.Gale, 1969, Iron and Steel, London: Longmans, pp. 44–6.LRD -
7 author
1. nounthe author of the book/article — der Autor od. Verfasser des Buches/Artikels
2) (originator) Vater, der2. transitive verb(write) verfassen* * *['o:Ɵə]feminine sometimes - authoress; noun(the writer of a book, article, play etc: He used to be a well-known author but his books are out of print now.) der/die Autor(in)- academic.ru/4486/authorship">authorship* * *[ˈɔ:θəʳ, AM ˈɑ:θɚ]I. n1. (profession) Schriftsteller(in) m(f); of particular book, article Verfasser(in) m(f), Autor(in) m(f)a book with the \author's compliments ein Buch nt mit einer Widmung des Autors/der Autorin\author's copy Autorenexemplar nt\author's royalties Tantiemen plII. vt▪ to \author sth1. (write) etw schreiben [o verfassento \author a deal ein Geschäft in die Wege leiten* * *['ɔːɵə(r)]n(profession) Autor(in) m(f), Schriftsteller(in) m(f); (of report, pamphlet) Verfasser(in) m(f); (fig) Urheber(in) m(f); (of plan) Initiator(in) m(f)the author of the book — der Autor/die Autorin des Buches
* * *author [ˈɔːθə(r)]A s1. Urheber(in) (auch pej), Schöpfer(in), Begründer(in)2. Autor m, Autorin f, Verfasser(in), auch allg Schriftsteller(in):author’s copy Autorenexemplar n;author’s rights Autor(en)-, Verfasser-, Urheberrechte3. pl (als sg konstruiert) US ein KartenspielB v/t1. schreiben, verfassen2. schaffen, kreieren, ins Leben rufenauth. abk1. authentic3. authority4. authorized* * *1. nounthe author of the book/article — der Autor od. Verfasser des Buches/Artikels
2) (originator) Vater, der2. transitive verb(write) verfassen* * *n.Autor -en m.Schriftsteller m.Urheber - m.Verfasser m. -
8 ♦ father
♦ father /ˈfɑ:ðə(r)/n.1 padre; papà; babbo: my father and mother, mio padre e mia madre; to become a father, diventare padre; a father of three, un padre di tre figli; adoptive father, padre adottivo; foster father, padre adottivo; I'm going to marry Linda, father, papà, sposo Linda2 (fig.) padre: Euclid was the founding father of geometry, Euclide fu il padre fondatore della geometria4 (relig., anche Father) padre, Padre: God the Father, Dio padre; Our Father, who art in heaven, Padre nostro, che sei nei cieli; Father Matthew, Padre Matthew● (fam.) the father and mother of, enorme; tremendo □ Father Christmas, Babbo Natale □ (relig.) father confessor, padre spirituale □ Father's Day, la festa del papà (3a domenica di giugno in GB e USA; 1a domenica di settembre in Australia) □ (psic.) father figure, figura paterna □ (in GB) Father of the House, il deputato ai Comuni con la maggior anzianità di servizio continuato □ Father Time, il Tempo ( personificato) □ father-to-be, futuro padre □ the Fathers of the Church, i Padri della Chiesa □ (fam. antiq. GB) a bit of how's your father, attività sessuale; sesso □ Like father, like son, tale il padre, tale il figlio □ (relig.) the Holy Father, il Santo Padre □ (relig.) Our Father, paternostro; padrenostro ( la preghiera).(to) father /ˈfɑ:ðə(r)/v. t.1 (form.) generare; procreare; essere padre di; avere: He fathered two sons, fu padre (o ebbe) due figli; Her children were fathered by two different men, ha avuto i figli da due padri diversi3 ideare; inventare; concepire; essere il padre di5 – to father on, attribuire (o addossare) la paternità (di qc.) a: The pamphlet was fathered on him, gli è stata attribuita la paternità del libello. -
9 binding
1. переплёт; скрепление2. переплётная крышка3. обложка4. брошюровка5. сброшюрованное издание6. обвязка7. удерживание краски печатной формой8. античная переплётная крышка9. переплётная крышка с простым рисункомblind tooled binding — переплётная крышка с бескрасочным тиснением, выполненным вручную
burst binding — клеевое скрепление с предварительной перфорацией корешкового сгиба тетради
author's binding — переплетная крышка, выполненная по указанию автора
10. вставка блока в переплётную крышкуperfect binding line — поточная линия для бесшвейного скрепления блоков, линия клеевого скрепления
11. скрепление спиралью12. переплётная крышка со сторонками, скреплёнными спиральюcoil mechanical plastic binding — переплёт с корешком, скреплённым пластмассовой скобой
spiral binding — переплёт с корешком, скреплённым спиралью
13. переплёт печатной продукции, выполняемый по заказам14. переплёт бланочной продукции для ведения деловой и коммерческой документацииcottage binding — переплётная крышка в стиле "коттедж"
counterfeit binding — копия, выдаваемая за оригинал
embroidered binding — переплётная крышка, покрытая вышитой тканью
flexible binding — гибкая переплётная крышка; обложка
Gascon binding — переплётная крышка в стиле "Ле Гасконь"
Grolier binding — переплётная крышка в стиле "Гролье"
15. полутканевая переплётная крышка16. составная переплётная крышкаHarleian binding — переплётная крышка, украшенная широкими каёмками и изображениями ананасов
17. скрепление с помощью зажимных приспособлений18. скрепление с помощью надрезовJapp binding — мягкая переплётная крышка с краями, сгибающимися над обрезом книги
limber binding — гибкая переплётная крышка; обложка
limp binding — мягкая переплётная крышка с краями, сгибающимися над обрезом книги; переплётная крышка с мягкими сторонками
19. скрепление разъёмными скобамиadhesive binding strip — лента, приклеиваемая к корешку книжного блока; липкая лента для скрепления корешка книжного блока
20. переплётная крышка с разъёмными скобамиmanual adhesive binding — клеевое скрепление, выполняемое вручную
paper board and cloth back binding — составная переплётная крышка из картонных сторонок и тканевого корешка
21. хорошо открывающаяся переплётная крышка22. скрепление, обеспечивающее хорошую раскрываемость изданияplain binding — "немая" переплётная крышка
23. клеевое скрепление24. скрепление пластмассовыми скобами25. ослабление формы26. недостаточная насыщенность краски на оттискеquarter binding — составная переплётная крышка с кожаным корешком и сторонками, покрытыми тканью или бумагой
stiff paper binding — переплётная крышка из плотной бумаги, обложка
27. твёрдая переплётная крышка28. переплётная крышка для массовых изданийbinding adhesive — переплётный клей, клей для брошюровочно-переплётных процессов
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10 Bain, Alexander
[br]b. October 1810 Watten, Scotlandd. 2 January 1877 Kirkintilloch, Scotland[br]Scottish inventor and entrepreneur who laid the foundations of electrical horology and designed an electromagnetic means of transmitting images (facsimile).[br]Alexander Bain was born into a crofting family in a remote part of Scotland. He was apprenticed to a watchmaker in Wick and during that time he was strongly influenced by a lecture on "Heat, sound and electricity" that he heard in nearby Thurso. This lecture induced him to take up a position in Clerkenwell in London, working as a journeyman clockmaker, where he was able to further his knowledge of electricity by attending lectures at the Adelaide Gallery and the Polytechnic Institution. His thoughts naturally turned to the application of electricity to clockmaking, and despite a bitter dispute with Charles Wheatstone over priority he was granted the first British patent for an electric clock. This patent, taken out on 11 January 1841, described a mechanism for an electric clock, in which an oscillating component of the clock operated a mechanical switch that initiated an electromagnetic pulse to maintain the regular, periodic motion. This principle was used in his master clock, produced in 1845. On 12 December of the same year, he patented a means of using electricity to control the operation of steam railway engines via a steam-valve. His earliest patent was particularly far-sighted and anticipated most of the developments in electrical horology that occurred during the nineteenth century. He proposed the use of electricity not only to drive clocks but also to distribute time over a distance by correcting the hands of mechanical clocks, synchronizing pendulums and using slave dials (here he was anticipated by Steinheil). However, he was less successful in putting these ideas into practice, and his electric clocks proved to be unreliable. Early electric clocks had two weaknesses: the battery; and the switching mechanism that fed the current to the electromagnets. Bain's earth battery, patented in 1843, overcame the first defect by providing a reasonably constant current to drive his clocks, but unlike Hipp he failed to produce a reliable switch.The application of Bain's numerous patents for electric telegraphy was more successful, and he derived most of his income from these. They included a patent of 12 December 1843 for a form of fax machine, a chemical telegraph that could be used for the transmission of text and of images (facsimile). At the receiver, signals were passed through a moving band of paper impregnated with a solution of ammonium nitrate and potassium ferrocyanide. For text, Morse code signals were used, and because the system could respond to signals faster than those generated by hand, perforated paper tape was used to transmit the messages; in a trial between Paris and Lille, 282 words were transmitted in less than one minute. In 1865 the Abbé Caselli, a French engineer, introduced a commercial fax service between Paris and Lyons, based on Bain's device. Bain also used the idea of perforated tape to operate musical wind instruments automatically. Bain squandered a great deal of money on litigation, initially with Wheatstone and then with Morse in the USA. Although his inventions were acknowledged, Bain appears to have received no honours, but when towards the end of his life he fell upon hard times, influential persons in 1873 secured for him a Civil List Pension of £80 per annum and the Royal Society gave him £150.[br]Bibliography1841, British patent no. 8,783; 1843, British patent no. 9,745; 1845, British patent no.10,838; 1847, British patent no. 11,584; 1852, British patent no. 14,146 (all for electric clocks).1852, A Short History of the Electric Clocks with Explanation of Their Principles andMechanism and Instruction for Their Management and Regulation, London; reprinted 1973, introd. W.Hackmann, London: Turner \& Devereux (as the title implies, this pamphlet was probably intended for the purchasers of his clocks).Further ReadingThe best account of Bain's life and work is in papers by C.A.Aked in Antiquarian Horology: "Electricity, magnetism and clocks" (1971) 7: 398–415; "Alexander Bain, the father of electrical horology" (1974) 9:51–63; "An early electric turret clock" (1975) 7:428–42. These papers were reprinted together (1976) in A Conspectus of Electrical Timekeeping, Monograph No. 12, Antiquarian Horological Society: Tilehurst.J.Finlaison, 1834, An Account of Some Remarkable Applications of the Electric Fluid to the Useful Arts by Alexander Bain, London (a contemporary account between Wheatstone and Bain over the invention of the electric clock).J.Munro, 1891, Heroes of the Telegraph, Religious Tract Society.J.Malster \& M.J.Bowden, 1976, "Facsimile. A Review", Radio \&Electronic Engineer 46:55.D.J.Weaver, 1982, Electrical Clocks and Watches, Newnes.T.Hunkin, 1993, "Just give me the fax", New Scientist (13 February):33–7 (provides details of Bain's and later fax devices).See also: Bakewell, Frederick C.DV / KF -
11 Coffey, Aeneas
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 1779/80 Englandd. 26 November 1852 Bromley, England[br]English inventor of the Coffey still for fractional distillation.[br]As Surveyor and Inspector General of Excise in Ireland, Coffey was responsible for the suppression of the illicit distilling of alcohol. In 1818 he published a pamphlet refuting charges of oppression and brutality brought against him by Irish revenue officers. He seems to have hunted with the hounds, for as a distiller himself in Dublin, he patented in 1831 the improved form of still that bears his name. The still was quickly adopted by the whisky industry as it accomplished in a single operation what had previously required several stages using the old pot stills. It is still used in the making of potable spirits, and consists of two adjacent columns, an analyser and a rectifier. Steam is passed through the liquor in the analyser, which removes the volatile fraction, and is then fractionally condensed in the rectifier column; almost pure alcohol could be produced by this means.[br]Further ReadingE.J.Rothery, 1968, Annals of Science 24:53.LRD -
12 Harrison, John
[br]b. 24 March 1693 Foulby, Yorkshire, Englandd. 24 March 1776 London, England[br]English horologist who constructed the first timekeeper of sufficient accuracy to determine longitude at sea and invented the gridiron pendulum for temperature compensation.[br]John Harrison was the son of a carpenter and was brought up to that trade. He was largely self-taught and learned mechanics from a copy of Nicholas Saunderson's lectures that had been lent to him. With the assistance of his younger brother, James, he built a series of unconventional clocks, mainly of wood. He was always concerned to reduce friction, without using oil, and this influenced the design of his "grasshopper" escapement. He also invented the "gridiron" compensation pendulum, which depended on the differential expansion of brass and steel. The excellent performance of his regulator clocks, which incorporated these devices, convinced him that they could also be used in a sea dock to compete for the longitude prize. In 1714 the Government had offered a prize of £20,000 for a method of determining longitude at sea to within half a degree after a voyage to the West Indies. In theory the longitude could be found by carrying an accurate timepiece that would indicate the time at a known longitude, but the requirements of the Act were very exacting. The timepiece would have to have a cumulative error of no more than two minutes after a voyage lasting six weeks.In 1730 Harrison went to London with his proposal for a sea clock, supported by examples of his grasshopper escapement and his gridiron pendulum. His proposal received sufficient encouragement and financial support, from George Graham and others, to enable him to return to Barrow and construct his first sea clock, which he completed five years later. This was a large and complicated machine that was made out of brass but retained the wooden wheelwork and the grasshopper escapement of the regulator clocks. The two balances were interlinked to counteract the rolling of the vessel and were controlled by helical springs operating in tension. It was the first timepiece with a balance to have temperature compensation. The effect of temperature change on the timekeeping of a balance is more pronounced than it is for a pendulum, as two effects are involved: the change in the size of the balance; and the change in the elasticity of the balance spring. Harrison compensated for both effects by using a gridiron arrangement to alter the tension in the springs. This timekeeper performed creditably when it was tested on a voyage to Lisbon, and the Board of Longitude agreed to finance improved models. Harrison's second timekeeper dispensed with the use of wood and had the added refinement of a remontoire, but even before it was tested he had embarked on a third machine. The balance of this machine was controlled by a spiral spring whose effective length was altered by a bimetallic strip to compensate for changes in temperature. In 1753 Harrison commissioned a London watchmaker, John Jefferys, to make a watch for his own personal use, with a similar form of temperature compensation and a modified verge escapement that was intended to compensate for the lack of isochronism of the balance spring. The time-keeping of this watch was surprisingly good and Harrison proceeded to build a larger and more sophisticated version, with a remontoire. This timekeeper was completed in 1759 and its performance was so remarkable that Harrison decided to enter it for the longitude prize in place of his third machine. It was tested on two voyages to the West Indies and on both occasions it met the requirements of the Act, but the Board of Longitude withheld half the prize money until they had proof that the timekeeper could be duplicated. Copies were made by Harrison and by Larcum Kendall, but the Board still continued to prevaricate and Harrison received the full amount of the prize in 1773 only after George III had intervened on his behalf.Although Harrison had shown that it was possible to construct a timepiece of sufficient accuracy to determine longitude at sea, his solution was too complex and costly to be produced in quantity. It had, for example, taken Larcum Kendall two years to produce his copy of Harrison's fourth timekeeper, but Harrison had overcome the psychological barrier and opened the door for others to produce chronometers in quantity at an affordable price. This was achieved before the end of the century by Arnold and Earnshaw, but they used an entirely different design that owed more to Le Roy than it did to Harrison and which only retained Harrison's maintaining power.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRoyal Society Copley Medal 1749.Bibliography1767, The Principles of Mr Harrison's Time-keeper, with Plates of the Same, London. 1767, Remarks on a Pamphlet Lately Published by the Rev. Mr Maskelyne Under theAuthority of the Board of Longitude, London.1775, A Description Concerning Such Mechanisms as Will Afford a Nice or True Mensuration of Time, London.Further ReadingR.T.Gould, 1923, The Marine Chronometer: Its History and Development, London; reprinted 1960, Holland Press.—1978, John Harrison and His Timekeepers, 4th edn, London: National Maritime Museum.H.Quill, 1966, John Harrison, the Man who Found Longitude, London. A.G.Randall, 1989, "The technology of John Harrison's portable timekeepers", Antiquarian Horology 18:145–60, 261–77.J.Betts, 1993, John Harrison London (a good short account of Harrison's work). S.Smiles, 1905, Men of Invention and Industry; London: John Murray, Chapter III. Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. IX, pp. 35–6.DV -
13 Nobel, Immanuel
[br]b. 1801 Gävle, Swedend. 3 September 1872 Stockholm, Sweden[br]Swedish inventor and industrialist, particularly noted for his work on mines and explosives.[br]The son of a barber-surgeon who deserted his family to serve in the Swedish army, Nobel showed little interest in academic pursuits as a child and was sent to sea at the age of 16, but jumped ship in Egypt and was eventually employed as an architect by the pasha. Returning to Sweden, he won a scholarship to the Stockholm School of Architecture, where he studied from 1821 to 1825 and was awarded a number of prizes. His interest then leaned towards mechanical matters and he transferred to the Stockholm School of Engineering. Designs for linen-finishing machines won him a prize there, and he also patented a means of transforming rotary into reciprocating movement. He then entered the real-estate business and was successful until a fire in 1833 destroyed his house and everything he owned. By this time he had married and had two sons, with a third, Alfred (of Nobel Prize fame; see Alfred Nobel), on the way. Moving to more modest quarters on the outskirts of Stockholm, Immanuel resumed his inventions, concentrating largely on India rubber, which he applied to surgical instruments and military equipment, including a rubber knapsack.It was talk of plans to construct a canal at Suez that first excited his interest in explosives. He saw them as a means of making mining more efficient and began to experiment in his backyard. However, this made him unpopular with his neighbours, and the city authorities ordered him to cease his investigations. By this time he was deeply in debt and in 1837 moved to Finland, leaving his family in Stockholm. He hoped to interest the Russians in land and sea mines and, after some four years, succeeded in obtaining financial backing from the Ministry of War, enabling him to set up a foundry and arms factory in St Petersburg and to bring his family over. By 1850 he was clear of debt in Sweden and had begun to acquire a high reputation as an inventor and industrialist. His invention of the horned contact mine was to be the basic pattern of the sea mine for almost the next 100 years, but he also created and manufactured a central-heating system based on hot-water pipes. His three sons, Ludwig, Robert and Alfred, had now joined him in his business, but even so the outbreak of war with Britain and France in the Crimea placed severe pressures on him. The Russians looked to him to convert their navy from sail to steam, even though he had no experience in naval propulsion, but the aftermath of the Crimean War brought financial ruin once more to Immanuel. Amongst the reforms brought in by Tsar Alexander II was a reliance on imports to equip the armed forces, so all domestic arms contracts were abruptly cancelled, including those being undertaken by Nobel. Unable to raise money from the banks, Immanuel was forced to declare himself bankrupt and leave Russia for his native Sweden. Nobel then reverted to his study of explosives, particularly of how to adapt the then highly unstable nitroglycerine, which had first been developed by Ascanio Sobrero in 1847, for blasting and mining. Nobel believed that this could be done by mixing it with gunpowder, but could not establish the right proportions. His son Alfred pursued the matter semi-independently and eventually evolved the principle of the primary charge (and through it created the blasting cap), having taken out a patent for a nitroglycerine product in his own name; the eventual result of this was called dynamite. Father and son eventually fell out over Alfred's independent line, but worse was to follow. In September 1864 Immanuel's youngest son, Oscar, then studying chemistry at Uppsala University, was killed in an explosion in Alfred's laboratory: Immanuel suffered a stroke, but this only temporarily incapacitated him, and he continued to put forward new ideas. These included making timber a more flexible material through gluing crossed veneers under pressure and bending waste timber under steam, a concept which eventually came to fruition in the form of plywood.In 1868 Immanuel and Alfred were jointly awarded the prestigious Letterstedt Prize for their work on explosives, but Alfred never for-gave his father for retaining the medal without offering it to him.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsImperial Gold Medal (Russia) 1853. Swedish Academy of Science Letterstedt Prize (jointly with son Alfred) 1868.BibliographyImmanuel Nobel produced a short handwritten account of his early life 1813–37, which is now in the possession of one of his descendants. He also had published three short books during the last decade of his life— Cheap Defence of the Country's Roads (on land mines), Cheap Defence of the Archipelagos (on sea mines), and Proposal for the Country's Defence (1871)—as well as his pamphlet (1870) on making wood a more physically flexible product.Further ReadingNo biographies of Immanuel Nobel exist, but his life is detailed in a number of books on his son Alfred.CM
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